Comprehensive Review: Congenital Heart Diseases and their Management

Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) include structural and functional abnormalities such as atrial septal defect (ASD), bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), Tetralogy of Fallot, total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), transposition of the great arteries (TGA), and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) etc. While surgical and catheter-based interventions remain primary treatments, emerging therapeutics are transforming CHD management. Fetal cardiac interventions enable in utero correction of defects like HLHS and severe aortic stenosis. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are advancing bioengineered heart valves, vascular grafts, and myocardial patches. Gene therapy and CRISPR editing hold promise for monogenic CHDs, while stem cell therapy and 3D bioprinting offer personalized cardiac implants. Advanced pharmacological treatments, evolving catheter-based techniques, immunomodulation, nanotechnology, and AI-driven medicine are improving outcomes. As these innovations progress, integrating them into clinical practice through multidisciplinary collaboration will enhance CHD treatment, shifting from reactive to curative strategies.